History of English Literature (PDF Included)

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Renaissance 1500 - 1660 An era that was marked by supplementary terms such as rebirth and revival was replaced by a description called early modernism. Samuel Clemens was a typesetter, a journalist, a riverboat captain, and an itinerant laborer before he became, in 1863 at age 27,. Puritan Age 1625-1660 The half-century between the years 1625 and 1675 is known as the Puritan age.

The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy by , was published in 1789. The lower-class became more self-conscious but on the other hand, the middle-class people got more power in them. It is an autobiography of a scop.

Literature Periods & Movements. Literary History

See also: This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature ofso that it includes writers from, theand the whole ofas well as literature in English from countries of the formerincluding the. However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of thethe and. The has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of brought to by in the fifth century, are called. Through the influence of thethe English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. The first page ofor Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses the surviving literature written in inin the period after the settlement of the and other Germanic tribes in England and the c. These works include genres such as,translations, legal works, and riddles. In all there are about 400 surviving from the period. The poem also deals with history. This is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a invasion. The only surviving manuscript is thethe precise date of which is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by name from medieval sources, but only four of those are known by their vernacular works with any certainty:,and. The poem is one of the earliest attested examples of Old English and is, with the and inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry. It is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a. The poem,was inscribed upon the. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of philosophical texts. The longest is 's 849—899 9th-century translation of '. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the natives, and the dialects of the ruling classes became. From then until the 12th century, Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into. Political power was no longer in English hands, so that the West Saxon periods of english literature language had no more influence than any other dialect and Middle English literature was written in the many dialects that corresponded to the region, history, culture, and background of individual writers. In this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and were written, adapted and translated: for example,'s c. At the end of the 12th century, in adapted the of to produce the first English-language work to present the legends of and the. It was also the first historiography written in English since the. Piers Ploughman from a 14th-century manuscriptnotablyhelped to establish English as a literary language. They appeared between about 1382 and 1395. These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and cause of the movement, a pre- movement that rejected many of the teachings of the. Another literary genre, that ofappears in English from the 13th century, with andbased on Anglo-Norman originals such as the c. These wereand the so-calledwhose most famous work is. Developing from Welsh, Irish and English tradition, Sir Gawain highlights the importance of honour and chivalry. Preserved in the same manuscript with Sir Gawayne were three other poems, now generally accepted as the work of the same author, including an intricate elegiac poem. The English dialect of these poems from the is markedly different from that of the -based Chaucer and, though influenced by French in the scenes at court in Sir Gawain, there are in the poems also many dialect words, often of Scandinavian origin, that belonged to northwest England. Middle English lasted until the 1470s, when thea London-based form of English, became widespread and the printing press started to standardise the language. Chaucer is best known today for. This is a collection of stories written in Middle English mostly in although some are inperiods of english literature are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from to periods of english literature shrine of St at. Chaucer is a significant figure in the development of the legitimacy of theMiddle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin. At this time, literature in England was being written in various languages, including Latin, Norman-French, and English: the multilingual nature of the audience for literature in the 14th century is illustrated by the example of c. A contemporary of and a personal friend of Chaucer, Gower is remembered primarily for three major works: the Mirroir de l'Omme,andthree long poems written inLatin and Middle English respectively, which are united by common moral and political themes. Significant religious works were also created in the 14th century, including those of c. Julian's about 1393 is believed to be the first published book written by a woman in the English language. A major work from the 15th century is by Sirwhich was printed by in 1485. This is a compilation of some French and English Arthurian romances, and was among the earliest books printed in England. It was popular and influential in the later revival of interest in the Arthurian legends. Another form of medieval theatre was thea form of early street theatre associated with theconcentrating on themes such as and the and. These were re-telling old stories, and the travelled from town to town performing these for their audiences in return for money and hospitality. Mystery plays and miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed in. Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of stories in as with accompanying song. They developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching the height of their popularity in the periods of english literature century before being rendered obsolete by the rise of professional theatre. There are four complete or nearly complete extant Periods of english literature biblical collections of plays from the late medieval period. The most complete is the of 48 pageants. They were performed in the city offrom the middle of the 14th century until 1569. Besides the Middle English drama, there are three surviving plays in known as the. Having grown out of the religiously based of the Middle Ages, the is a of medieval and theatrical entertainment, which represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. Morality plays are a type of in which the is met by of various attributes who try to prompt him to choose a godly life over one of evil. The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Somonyng of Everyman The Summoning of Everyman c. Like 's allegory 1678Everyman examines the question of through the use of allegorical characters. The inspired the production of which led to the 1549a lasting influence on literary language. The was a and in England dating from the late 15th to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. Renaissance style and ideas were slow in penetrating England, and the in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance. This Italian influence can also be found in the poetry of 1503—1542one of the earliest English Renaissance poets. Another major figure, 1554—1586was an English poet, whose works include, and. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as those by 1567—1620became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. William Shakespeare 1564—1616 stands out in this period as a and as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare's career continues in the Jacobean period. Other important figures in includeand, and. In his final period, Shakespeare turned to or and completed three more major plays, including. Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic errors. After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist 1572—1637 was the leading literary figure of the. Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages and his characters embody thewhich was based on contemporary medical theory. Jonson's comedies include 1605 or 1606 and 1614. Others who followed Jonson's style includewho wrote the popular comedy, probably 1607—08a satire of the rising middle class. Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was thewhich was popularized in the Elizabethan era by 1558—1594and then further developed later by. Other revenge tragedies include written by and. This was the first ever complete translations of either poem into the English language. Shakespeare popularized thewhich made significant changes to 's model. A collection of 154 bydealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality, were first published in a 1609 quarto. Besides Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the major poets of the early 17th century included the : 1572—16311593—1633,and. Their style was characterized by and metaphysical conceits, that is far-fetched or unusual similes or metaphors. This, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. This represents the culmination of a periods of english literature of that began with the work ofand it became the standard of the. The Cavalier poets were another important group of 17th-century poets, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War 1642—51. King Charles reigned from 1625 and was executed 1649. The best known of the are, and. Most of the Cavalier poets were courtiers, with notable exceptions. For example, Robert Herrick was not a courtier, but his style marks him as a Cavalier poet. Cavalier works make use of allegory and classical allusions, and are influenced by Roman authors Horace, and. However, his major epic works, including 1667 were published in the Restoration period. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March 2016 Restoration literature includes both and the 'sthe sexual comedy of and the moral wisdom of. It saw Locke'sthe founding of thethe experiments and the holy meditations ofthe fromthe pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of went into exile with the twenty-year-old. Milton is best known for his epic poem 1667. Among other important poems include1631, 1634, a masque1638 and. Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. His celebratedwritten in condemnation of pre-publication censorship, is among history's most influential and impassioned defenses of and. The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously, as there were great dangers in being associated with a satire. He established the heroic couplet as a standard form of English poetry. Dryden's greatest achievements were in satiric verse in works like the mock-heroic 1682. Religious writing often strayed into political and economic writing, just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion. The Restoration was also the time when wrote many of his philosophical works. His two Treatises on Government, which later inspired the thinkers in the. The Restoration moderated most of the more strident sectarian writing, but radicalism persisted after the Restoration. Puritan authors such as were forced to retire from public life or adapt, and those authors who had preached against monarchy and who had participated directly in the of were partially suppressed. Consequently, violent writings were forced underground, and many of those who had served in the Interregnum attenuated their positions in the Restoration. Bunyan's is an of personal salvation and a guide to the Christian life. A single, large sheet of paper might have a written, usually partisan, account of an event. It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the in English. However, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of Romance fiction in and was popular in England. One of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the Restoration period isauthor of 1688who was not only the first professional female novelist, but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in England. After a sharp drop in both quality and quantity in the 1680s, the mid-1690s saw a brief second flowering of the drama, especially comedy. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March 2016 During the 18th century literature reflected the worldview of the or Age of Reason : a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Led by the philosophers who were inspired by the discoveries of the previous century by people like and the writings ofand. They sought to discover and to act upon universally valid principles governing humanity, nature, and society. They variously attacked spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism and also played a part in bringing the later reaction of. The of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age. The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s themselves, who responded to a term that preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of 's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the beginnings of the. It is also the era that periods of english literature a serious competition over the proper model for the. In criticism, poets struggled with a doctrine of decorum, of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject. At the same time, the was at its zenith and Pope's 1712—17 and 1728—43 are still the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written. Pope also translated the 1715—20 and the 1725—26. Since his death, Pope has been in a constant state of re-evaluation. However, the majority of stagings were of lower and much more serious and domestic tragedies. This reflected a marked change in the audience for plays, as royal patronage was no longer the important part of theatrical success. Additionally, and began to battle each other periods of english literature greater and greater spectacles to present on stage. The figure of was introduced, and theatre began to be staged. In 1728 John Gay returned to the playhouse with. The brought an abrupt halt to much of the period's drama, as the theatres were once again brought under state control. However, this was also the time when the English was first emerging. If Addison and Steele were dominant in one type of prose, then author of the satire was in another. In and the Drapier Letters, Swift reluctantly defended the Irish people from the predations of. This provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irishwas outraged by the abuses he saw. An effect of the of 1737 was to cause more than one aspiring playwright to switch over to writing novels. In the interim, 1689—1761 had produced 1740and Henry Fielding attacked, what he saw, as the absurdity of this novel in, 1742 and. Subsequently, Fielding satirised Richardson's 1748 with 1749. Goldsmith is the author of 1766a pastoral poem 1770 and two plays, The Good-Natur'd Man 1768 and 1773. Sheridan's first play, 1775was performed at and was an instant success. He went on to become the most significant London playwright of the late 18th century with a play like. Both Goldsmith and Sheridan reacted against the sentimental comedy of the 18th-century theatre, writing plays closer to the style of. Sterne published his famous novel in parts between 1759 and 1767. In 1778, 1752—1840 wroteone of the first. This includes thefrom the 1740s and later, whose works are characterised by gloomy meditations on mortality. To this was added, by later practitioners, a feeling for the and uncanny, and an interest in ancient English poetic forms and folk poetry. The poets include 1716—17711751 in and 1683—1765The Complaint, or on Life, Death and Immortality 1742—45. Other precursors are 1700—1748 and 1736—1796. James Macpherson was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, with his claim to have found poetry written by the ancient bard. It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment,and. Sentimentalism, periods of english literature is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in the 18th century in reaction to the rationalism of the. Among periods of english literature most famous sentimental novels in English are 's 1740's 1766's 1759—67and 's 1771. Significant foreign influences were the Germansand and French philosopher and writer 1712—1778. The changing landscape, brought about by the and revolutions, was another influence on the growth of the Romantic movement in Britain. In the late 18th century, 's 1764 novel created the genre, that combines elements of and. Her 1795 is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel. The movement of so many people in England was the result of two forces: thethat involved the of the land, drove workers off the land, and the which provided them employment. Romanticism may be seen in part as a reaction to thethough it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of theas well a reaction against the scientific of nature. The was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many of the Romantic poets. The landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period, so much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are often described as 'nature poets'. The poet, painter, and printmaker 1757—1827 was another of the early Romantic poets. Though Blake was generally unrecognised during his lifetime, he is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the. After Blake, among the earliest Romantics were theincluding 1770—18501772—18341774—1843 and journalist 1785—1859. However, at the time 1771—1832 was the most famous poet. Shelley is perhaps best known for, andan elegy written on the death of Keats. His close circle of admirers included the most progressive thinkers of the day. Shelley became an idol of the next three or four generations of poets, including important and poets such asandas well as later. His poetry has undergone a major re-evaluation and he is often now considered to be among the most important 19th-century poets. Scott's novel-writing career was launched in 1814 withoften called the first. Her plots, in novels such as 18131815though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Main articles: and The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century. American Romanticism was just as multifaceted and individualistic as it was in Europe. Like the Europeans, the American Romantics demonstrated a high level periods of english literature moral enthusiasm, commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self, an emphasis on intuitive perception, and the assumption that the natural world was inherently good, while human society was corrupt. From 1823 the prolific and popular novelist 1789—1851 began publishing his of frontier and Indian life. However, 's tales of the macabre that first appeared in the early 1830s, and his poetry were more influential in France than at home. This was in many ways a reaction to rapidand the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity. Significant early examples of this genre include 1845 byand 's 1849. Dickens fiercely satirised various aspects of society, including the inthe failures of the legal system inAn early rival to Dickens was 1811—1863who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but he is now known almost exclusively for 1847. The sisters, Emily, Charlotte and Anne, were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Trollope's novels portray the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England. Her works, especially 1871—72are important examples ofand are admired for their combination of high detail, with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict. An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of 1840—1928including 1886and 1891. Hardy is a Victorian realist, in the tradition ofand like Charles Dickens he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society. Another significant late-19th-century novelist is 1857—1903who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. His best known novel is 1891. Although pre-dated by 's in 1841, the history of the modern genre is generally said to begin withthe influential author of and 1858. He also wrote realistic fiction about the lower middle class in novels like 1905. By the mid-19th century, the pre-eminence of literature from the British Isles began to be challenged by writers from the former American colonies. A major influence on American writers at this time periods of english literaturewhich gave rise toand the publication of 's 1836 essay is usually considered the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. The romantic American novel developed fully with 's 1804—1864 1850a stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend 1819—1891. In 1851an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. By the 1880s, however, psychological and were competing with Romanticism in the novel. American realist fiction has its beginnings in the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain,and. Mark Twain the pen name used by1835—1910 was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of. His regional masterpieces were the novels 1876 and 1884. Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Although born in New York City, he spent most of his adult years in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. James confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. His works include18861886. His works include the macabre mystery novel 1865and his Gothic novella 1872 tells the story of a young woman's susceptibility to the attentions of a female vampire. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and 56 featuring Holmes, which were published between 1887 and 1927. All but four Holmes stories are narrated by Holmes' friend, assistant, and biographer. The literary genre was inspired by real stories of archaeological discoveries by imperial adventurers. Contemporary European politics and diplomatic manoeuvrings informed 's 1894. Some works become internationally known, such as those of1865 and its sequel. At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, was an author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published the highly successful children's book in 1902. Potter eventually went on to publish 23 children's books, and became a wealthy woman. The poetry of this period was heavily influenced by thebut also went off in its own directions. Particularly notable was the development of thea form used by many poets in this period, but perfected by Robert Browning. Literary criticism in the 20th century gradually drew attention to the links between Victorian poetry and modernism. Tennyson was of the United Kingdom during much of 's reign. He was described by T. He founded the in 1848 with and. Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism. Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French and Victorian poetry entered a decadent phase. Two groups of poets emerged in the 1890s, the poets who adhered to the tenets ofincludingand and periods of english literature group, that includedand Irishman. Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century. Also in 1896 published at his own expense. Writers of comic verse included the dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator 1836—1911who is best known for his fourteenproduced in with the composer Sirof which the most famous includeand. Novelist 1840—1928 wrote poetry throughout his career, but he did not publish his first collection until 1898, so that he tends to be treated as a 20th-century poet. Now regarded as a major poet, 's 1844—1889 Poems were published posthumously by Robert Bridges in 1918. America's two greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. His major work wasin which he uses a free-flowing verse periods of english literature lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. Within its formal structure, her poetry is ingenious, witty, exquisitely wrought, and psychologically penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. In 1855, the began a process of elevating the level of formerly risqué musical theatre in Britain that culminated in the famous series of comic operas by and was followed by the 1890s with the first. The length of runs in the theatre changed rapidly during the Victorian period. As transport improved, poverty in London diminished, and street lighting made for safer travel at night, the number of potential patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits and improved production values. The first play to achieve 500 consecutive performances was the London comedyopening in 1875. Its record of 1,362 performances was bested in 1892 by. Several of 's broke the 500-performance barrier, beginning with in 1878, and and 's 1886 hit,ran for 931 periods of english literature. Afterbecame the leading poet and dramatist of the late Victorian period. Wilde's plays, in particular, stand apart from the many now forgotten plays of Victorian times and have a much closer relationship to those of the dramatists such as Irish playwright 1856—1950whose career began in the last decade of the 19th century, Wilde's 1895 comic masterpiece,holds an ironic mirror to the aristocracy and displays a mastery of wit and paradoxical wisdom. The movement was influenced by the ideas of 1809—18821838—19161859—19411844—19001854—19411818—18831867and the psychoanalytic theories of 1856—1939among others. The continental art movements ofand laterwere also important. Important literary precursors of modernism, were: 1821—1881 ; 1819—1892 ; 1821—1867 ; 1854—1891 ; 1849—1912. A major British lyric poet of the first decades of the twentieth-century was 1840—1928. Though not a modernist, Hardy was an important transitional figure between the Victorian era and the twentieth-century. A major novelist of the late nineteenth-century, Hardy lived well into the third decade of the twentieth-century, though he only published poetry in this period. Another significant transitional figure between Victorians and modernists, the late nineteenth-century novelist, 1843—1916continued to publish major novels into the twentieth-century, including 1904. Polish-born modernist novelist 1857—1924 published his first important works,in 1899 and in 1900. However, the Victorian 's 1844—1889 highly original poetry was not published until 1918, long after his death, while the career of another major modernist poet, Irishman 1865—1939began late in the Victorian era. Yeats was one of the foremost figures of twentieth-century English literature. But while was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. During the early decades of the twentieth-century the like Rupert Brooke 1887—1915and 1873—1956maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism. Another Georgian poet, 1878—1917 is one of the poets along with 1893—19181887—19151890—1917and 1886—1967. Irish playwrights 1856—19501871—1909 and were influential in British drama. Shaw's career began in the last decade of the nineteenth-century, while Synge's plays belong to the first decade of the twentieth-century. George Bernard Shaw turned the theatre into an arena for debate about important political and social issues. Forster's most famous work, 1924, reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier novels examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of society in England. The most popular British writer of the early years of the twentieth-century was arguably 1865—1936 a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems. In addition to other important early modernists poets were the American-born poet 1888—1965 Eliot became a British citizen in 1927 but was born and educated in America. Amongst the novelists, afterother important early modernists include 1873—1957whose novel Pointed Roof 1915is one of the earliest example of the technique, and 1885—1930who published in 1915—though it was immediately seized by the police—and in 1920. Then in 1922 Irishman 's important modernist novel appeared. An important development, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s was a tradition of working class novels actually written by working-class background writers. Among these were coal miner, whose father was a stoker and who also went to sea as a young man, and coal miners from and from. This same year 's 1904—1991 first major novel was published. Then in 1939 's publishedin which he creates a special language to express the consciousness of a dreaming character. It was also in 1939 that another Irish modernist poet,died. British poet 1907—1973 was another significant modernist in the 1930s. In fact a number of modernists were still living and publishing in the 1950s and 1960, including, and. Furthermore,born in 1901, published little until in 1965 andborn in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, though some view him as a. Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were poet and novelist whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s, whilecontinued publishing into the 1960s. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. Among postmodern writers are the Americans,and. In 1947 publishedwhile 's satire of totalitarianism,was published in 1949. Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: whose twelve-volume cycle of novelsis a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; laureate 's novel 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island. Philosopher was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Scottish writer pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. During the 1960s and 1970s, wrote periods of english literature monumental series on the last decade of British rule in1966—1975. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important novelists, including the writer of, who like Samuel Beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations and whose 1981 is a fantasy set in a surreal version of called Unthank. Two significant Irish novelists are born 1945 and born 1955. The term was often applied to members of this artistic movement. It used a style of which depicts the domestic lives of the working class, to explore social issues and political issues. The of the post war period, typical of dramatists like and were challenged in the 1950s by thesein plays like 's 1956. Again In the 1950s, the play 1955by Irish writer profoundly affected British drama. The influenced born 1930, 1958whose works are often characterised by menace or claustrophobia. Beckett also influenced born 19371966. Stoppard's works are periods of english literature also notable for their high-spirited wit and the great range of intellectual issues which he tackles in different plays. An important new element in the world of British drama, from the beginnings of radio in the 1920s, was the commissioning of plays, or the adaption of existing plays, by. This was especially important in the 1950s and 1960s and from the 1960s for television. Other notable radio dramatists includedand novelist. Among the most famous works created for radio, are 's 1954's 1957's 1959 and 's 1954. Auden and Dylan Thomas were still publishing in this period. Though 's 1907—1973 career began in the 1930s periods of english literature 1940s he published several volumes in the 1950s and 1960s. His stature in modern literature has been contested, but probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him as one of the three major twentieth-century British poets, and heir to Yeats and Eliot. New poets starting their careers in the 1950s and 1960s include 1922—198519641930—19981957 and Irishman born Northern Ireland 1939—20131966. Northern Ireland has also produced a number of other significant poets, including and. In the 1960s and 1970s aimed to break the grip of 'the familiar', by describing ordinary things in unfamiliar ways, as though, for example, through the eyes of a. Poets most closely associated with it are and. Another literary movement in this period was the was a wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings that embracesand. Their work was a self-conscious attempt at creating an English equivalent to the. Other noteworthy later twentieth-century poets are Welshman, and. From 1950 on a significant number of major writers came from countries that had over the centuries been settled by the British, other than America which had been producing significant writers from at least the. There had of course been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then. The 's famous novel was published in 1883 and published her first collection of short stories, In a German Pension, in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist. South Africa's 's famous dates from 1948. Rushdie achieved fame with 1981. His most controversial novel 1989, was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. From a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including novelistas well as playwright. Soyinka won the for literature in 1986, as did novelist in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist Nobel Prize 2003 and playwright. Poetfrom in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. Ana major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939, won in 1973. Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poetand novelist born 1943who is one of only four writers to have won the twice. Major Canadian novelists include, and. Munro also received the in 2009. Amongst internationally known poets are and. Carson in 1996 won the for poetry. Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was 1893—1957. Other recent noteworthy writers in this genre areand Scot. Another noted writer in the genre waswhile in writing, created the character. Among significant writers in the fantasy genre wereauthor of and. Like fantasy In the later decades of the 20th century, the genre of began to be taken more seriously, and this was because of the work of writers such as 'sand. Another prominent writer in this genre,is particularly associated with the comic science fiction work. Mainstream novelists such and also wrote works in this genre. Known for his macabre, darkly comic fantasy works for children, became one of the best selling authors of the 20th century, and his best-loved children's novels include, and. Noted writers in the field of areandwhile Gaiman also produces. Abindon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge. Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Beowulf and Other Old English Poems. The Cambridge Old English Reader. The History of the English Language. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. London: Penguin Books, 1999p. The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace, 1999, pp. Carroll, Notes and Queries, 2004, pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996pp. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. The Three Faces of Leadership: Manager, Artist, Priest. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: Penguin, 1999p. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996p. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Rerms, p. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986pp. Buchan, Crowded with Genius London: Harper Collins, 2003, p. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms 1999p. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Periods of english literature Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Romantic Affinities: Portraits From an Age, 1780—1830. London: Bodley Head, 1988p. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Walton Litz, Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. Anthology of American Literature: Colonial through romantic 6th ed. Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. New York: Anchor, 2005pp. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors: The Romantic Period through the Twentieth Century, 7th ed. Biography in Context, Accessed 4 Oct. Retrieved 8 October 2017 — via Google Books. New York: Norton, 2000p. Christ, Victorian and Modern Poetics. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990p. Abrams, A Glossary of literary Terms 7th edition. New York: Harcourt Brace1999p. Harmsworth: Penguin, 1988p. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Marion Wynne Davies New York: Prentice Hall, 1990p. University of Tulsa 10 1 : p. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. The Cambridge Companion to W. Archived from on 13 March 2016. Archived from on 17 March 2016. Blood on the Stage: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection: an Annotated Repertoire, 1900—1925. The novel The Scarlet Pimpernel was published soon after the play opened and was an immediate success. José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain.

Spanish Literature : Current debates on Hispanism. Some of its noteworthy figures include Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and, of course, William Shakespeare. He founded the in 1848 with and. Postmodernists kind of think that there's no world to break. In the segment of Romances, Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur scores consistently as an author who contributed a valuable prose romance. British poet 1907—1973 was another significant modernist in the 1930s. Although born in New York City, he spent most of his adult years in England. Dziady is known for various interpretation.